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Frame (networking)
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A frame is a digital data transmission unit in computer networking and telecommunications. In systems, a frame is a simple container for a single . In other telecommunications systems, a frame is a repeating structure supporting time-division multiplexing.

A frame typically includes frame synchronization features consisting of a sequence of bits or symbols that indicate to the receiver the beginning and end of the payload data within the stream of symbols or bits it receives. If a receiver is connected to the system during frame transmission, it ignores the data until it detects a new frame synchronization sequence.


Packet switching
In the of computer networking, a frame is the protocol data unit at the data link layer. Frames are the result of the final layer of encapsulation before the data is transmitted over the physical layer. A frame is "the unit of transmission in a link layer protocol, and consists of a link layer header followed by a packet." Each frame is separated from the next by an . A frame is a series of bits generally composed of frame synchronization bits, the payload, and a frame check sequence. Examples are , Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) frames, Fibre Channel frames, and V.42 modem frames.

Often, frames of several different sizes are nested inside each other. For example, when using Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over asynchronous serial communication, the eight bits of each individual byte are framed by start and stop bits, David S.Lawyer and Greg Hankins. "Serial HOWTO". Section "20.4 Forming a Byte (Framing)". 2011. quote: "... a start bit and a stop bit to mark the beginning and end of a byte. This is called framing ... Don't confuse this type of framing with the framing used for a packet of bytes on a network." MATLAB External Interfaces. Section "Serial Data Format". quote: "... one start bit... parity bit ... stop bits ... called framing bits because they frame the data bits." the payload data bytes in a network packet are framed by the header and footer, and several packets can be framed with frame boundary octets.


Time-division multiplex
In telecommunications, specifically in time-division multiplex (TDM) and time-division multiple access (TDMA) variants, a frame is a cyclically repeated data block that consists of a fixed number of time slots, one for each logical TDM channel or TDMA transmitter. In this context, a frame is typically an entity at the physical layer. TDM application examples are SONET/SDH and the circuit-switched B-channel, while TDMA examples are Circuit Switched Data used in early cellular voice services. The frame is also an entity for time-division duplex, where the mobile terminal may transmit during some time slots and receive during others.


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